Comparación de protocolos de vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano en Ecuador y América Latina / Comparation of vaccination protocols against the human papillomavirus in Ecuador and Latin America

Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano (VPH), con más de 100 tipos, es de transmisión sexual. Varios países de América Latina han introducido las vacunas contra el VPH. Aunque América Latina es la región que más rápido avanzó en la vacunación contra el VPH, sus sistemas de seguimiento y vigilancia son aún deficientes. Objetivo: Comparar las diferentes estrategias de vacunación contra el VPH en Ecuador y América Latina. Método: Revisión bibliográfica, en la que se obtuvo información de documentos gubernamentales y artículos indexados en los últimos 5 años sobre las estrategias de vacunación contra el VPH en Ecuador y América Latina. Resultados: La mayoría de los países de América Latina han logrado introducir la vacuna contra el VPH, excepto Venezuela, Martinica, Haití, Nicaragua y Cuba. Conclusiones: Los protocolos de vacunación de Ecuador y América Latina necesitan mejorar sus sistemas de seguimiento y aumentar la expansión de datos de cobertura disponibles de manera consistente. Actualmente siguen existiendo desafíos para introducir las vacunas, lograr una alta cobertura y fortalecer el seguimiento, la evaluación y la notificación.

Introduction: The human papilloma virus (HPV), with more than 100 types, is a sexual transmission infection. Many Latin American countries have introduced the vaccines against the HPV. Although Latin América is the region which advanced faster against the HPV, its surveillance and follow-up systems are yet deficient. Objective: To compare the different strategies to assume the vaccination against the HPV in Ecuador and Latin America. Method: Bibliographic review, in which information was obtained from government documents and articles indexed in the last five years on vaccination strategies against HPV in Ecuador and Latin America. Results: Most Latin American countries have managed to introduce the vaccine against the HPV, except Venezuela, Martinica, Haiti, Nicaragua and Cuba. Conclusions: The vaccination protocols of Ecuador and Latin América need to improve their systems of follow-up and monitoring, and increase the expansion of available data in a consistent manner. Now, there are still existing challenges to introduce the vaccines, manage a high reach and fortify the follow-up, the evaluation, and the notification.

Plano de ação: estratégia de vacinação nas fronteiras: agenda 2022 / Action Plan: Vaccination Strategy at the Borders: Agenda 2022

Este plano define as diretrizes para implementação da ação, com a finalidade de orientar as SES e SMS envolvidas, no intuito de subsidiar no planejamento, implementação e operacionalização da Estratégia.

Análise do Sistema de Informação em Imunizações do Brasil sob a ótica das heurísticas de usabilidade / Análisis del sistema de información de inmunizaciones de Brasil desde la perspectiva de las heurísticas de usabilidad / Analysis of the Brazilian immunization information system from the perspective of usability heuristics

O estudo teve o objetivo de analisar o Sistema de Informação de Imunizações web do Brasil sob a ótica das heurísticas de usabilidade. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa sobre a avaliação de usabilidade de um novo software sobre o Programa Nacional de Imunizações, com base nas dez Heurísticas de Nielsen. Participaram quatro especialistas da área de Tecnologia da Informação, com conhecimento sobre usabilidade e Programa de Imunizações. Os dados foram tratados pela análise de Conteúdo, na modalidade Temático-Categorial. O sistema proporciona, de um lado, facilidade de acesso aos usuários, podendo ser acessado de qualquer lugar e momento, desde que tenha conectividade com a internet; e de outro, apresenta problemas de usabilidade quanto à percepção de localização do usuário no percurso feito dentro do próprio sistema; apresenta entraves em relação a padronização tanto das telas, quanto dos recursos disponibilizados pelo sistema, além de falhas e duplicidade de comandos, que dificultam o registro e acesso às informações. Os problemas elucidados na avaliação de usabilidade do Sistema de Informação de Imunizações do Brasil poderão embasar melhorias nas novas versões de atualizações(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el sistema de información de inmunizaciones en Brasil desde la perspectiva de las heurísticas de usabilidad. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con un enfoque cualitativo, sobre la evaluación de la usabilidad de un nuevo software en el programa nacional de inmunización, basado en las diez heurísticas de Nielsen. Participaron cuatro especialistas del área de Tecnología de la Información, con conocimiento sobre usabilidad y el programa de inmunizaciones. Los datos fueron tratados mediante análisis de contenido, en la modalidad temático-categorial. El sistema proporciona facilidad de acceso a los usuarios, al que se puede acceder desde cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento, siempre que tenga conectividad a internet, y presenta problemas de usabilidad con respecto a la percepción del usuario de la ubicación en la ruta tomada dentro del propio sistema. Presenta obstáculos en relación con la estandarización de ambas pantallas y los recursos puestos a disposición por el sistema, además de fallas y duplicación de comandos, que dificultan el registro y el acceso a la información. Los problemas aclarados en la evaluación de usabilidad del sistema de información de inmunizaciones en Brasil pueden respaldar mejoras en nuevas versiones de actualizaciones(AU)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the Brazilian immunization information system from the perspective of usability heuristics. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted evaluating the usability of a new software for the national immunization program based on the ten Nielsen's heuristics. Four specialists from the Information Technology area participated who were knowledgeable about usability and the immunization program. The data were processed by thematic-categorial content analysis. The system provides users with easy access from any place at any time, as long as they can connect to the Internet, and presents usability problems related to perception by users of their place along the route taken within the system itself. It also poses hurdles concerning standardization of the two screens and the resources made available by the system, besides failures and duplication of commands, which hampers the recording of and access to information. The problems clarified in the evaluation of the usability of the Brazilian immunization information system may serve to improve new updated versions(AU)

Temporal trend of hospitalizations for acute bronchiolitis in infants under one year of age in brazil between 2008 and 2015 / Tendência temporal das hospitalizações por bronquiolite aguda em lactentes menores de um ano no brasil entre 2008 e 2015

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the trend of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in infants under one year of age, in the past eight years and after the implementation of the palivizumab immunization program in Brazil. Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of data on infants younger than one year of age, who were hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis between 2008 and 2015 in Brazil. The Brazilian National Health System database was used. The rates of hospitalization in the pre-implementation (2008-2012) and post-implementation (2014-2015) periods of the palivizumab immunization program were evaluated. The total number of admissions in the same period was used as a comparison. Results: Between January 2008 and December 2015, 263,679 hospitalizations for bronchiolitis were recorded in infants younger than one year of age, 60% represented by boys. The incidence of hospitalization for bronchiolitis increased by 49% over this period (8.5 to 12.7 per 1,000 inhabitants per year). Between 2013 and 2014, the incidence rate of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis decreased by 8% (12.5 to 11.5 per 1,000 inhabitants per year). However, in the second year of the program, hospitalization rate increased again by 10% (12.7 per 1,000 inhabitants per years). Conclusions: Acute bronchiolitis presented increasing rates of hospitalization over the study period. Hospitalization incidence for acute bronchiolitis declined one year after the implementation of palivizumab but increased again in the second year of the program.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a tendência de hospitalização por bronquiolite aguda (BA) em lactentes menores de um ano de idade nos últimos oito anos no Brasil e, secundariamente, após a implementação do programa de imunização por palivizumabe. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos dados de lactentes menores de um ano de idade, hospitalizados com diagnóstico de BA entre 2008 e 2015 no Brasil, utilizando o banco de dados do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram avaliadas as taxas de hospitalização nos períodos pré-implementação (2008-2012) e pós-implementação (2014-2015) do programa de imunização por palivizumabe. O número total de internações no mesmo período foi utilizado como comparação. Resultados: Entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro 2015 foram registradas 263.679 internações por bronquiolite em lactentes menores de um ano de idade, 60% representado por meninos. A incidência de hospitalização por bronquiolite aumentou em 49% ao longo desse período (8,5 para 12,7 por mil ­habitantes/­ano). Entre 2013 e 2014, a taxa de incidência de hospitalização por BA diminuiu 8% (12,5 para 11,5 por mil habitantes/ano). Porém, no segundo ano do programa, a taxa de internação aumentou novamente em 10% (12,7 por mil habitantes/ano). Conclusões: A BA apresentou taxas de hospitalização crescente ao longo do período estudado. A incidência de hospitalizações de BA apresentou declínio um ano após a implementação de palivizumabe e retornou à tendência crescente no segundo ano do programa.

Cultura de la salud en los familiares de niños sobre la vacunación. Policlínico "5 de Septiembre", enero-junio 2015 / Culture of health in family members of children about vaccination. Polyclinic "5 de Septiembre", January-June 2015

Objetivo: conocer desde la perspectiva social, los conocimientos y creencias de la población a partir del significado que las personas le atribuyen a las vacunas preventivas y al proceso de vacunación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio con familiares de niños de 0 a 24 meses pertenecientes al Policlínico 5 de Septiembre, municipio Playa, La Habana, que abarcó de enero a junio de 2015. Se utilizó un diseño mixto convergente o por triangulación de datos. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la entrevista-cuestionario, entrevista a expertos y entrevista a informantes claves. Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel, la que se exportó al programa SPSS versión 19.0. En un primer momento, se realizó un análisis descriptivo, en el que se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables de estudio. Para establecer las relaciones entre el nivel de conocimiento y algunas variables sociodemográficas, para el análisis de los datos cualitativos, se realizaron lecturas reiteradas de las transcripciones de las entrevistas a expertos e informantes claves y de las respuestas a las preguntas abiertas del cuestionario para la familiarización con el contenido de estos. Resultados: Se puso de manifiesto la vía institucional en la cultura de la salud que poseen los familiares con relación a las vacunas y el proceso de vacunación. Los familiares presentaban en su mayoría conocimientos insuficientes acerca de las vacunas y las enfermedades que protegen estas. No presentaban conocimientos sobre los eventos adversos graves o severos. El proceso de vacunación mostró gran significado para los familiares, asociados a experiencias positivas con este. Conclusiones: Se inicia un acercamiento a la cultura de la salud, poseída por un grupo de familiares, relativos a las vacunas preventivas y el proceso de vacunación en Cuba. Las madres refuerzan la responsabilidad de vacunar al niño/a como parte del cuidado de la salud de este. La cultura de la salud en los familiares de niños/as no incluye información distorsionada sobre las vacunas preventivas y su efectividad. Se nutre exclusivamente de la cultura científica, aunque no la reproduce en su totalidad. El proceso de vacunación es altamente valorado por los familiares, dada la importancia que le atribuyen, la confianza que tienen en el Programa Nacional de Inmunización, la satisfacción que muestran con la organización del servicio y la atención del personal de salud(AU)

Objective: to know, from the social perspective, the population´s knowledge and beliefs based on the meaning that people attribute to preventive vaccines and the vaccination process. Methods: An exploratory study was carried out with relatives of children from 0 to 24 months from "5 de Septiembre" community clinic in Playa municipality, Havana, from January to June 2015. A mixed convergent or triangulation design was used. Data collection was completed by questionnaire interview, expert interview and interview to key informants. A database was created in Excel, which was exported to the SPSS program version 19.0. Initially, a descriptive analysis was performed, in which absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for the study variables. Repeated readings were made of the transcripts of the interviews with experts and key informants and for the answers to the open questions of the questionnaire, to establish the analysis of the qualitative data, and for familiarization with their content. Results: It was shown the institutional pathway in health culture that family members have in relation to vaccines and the vaccination process. Most family members had poor knowledge about vaccines and the diseases they prevent. They did not show knowledge about serious or severe adverse events. The vaccination process showed great significance for family members, associated with positive experiences with it. Conclusions: This study initiates an approach to the health culture a group of family members had related to preventive vaccines and the vaccination process in Cuba. Mothers reinforce the responsibility of vaccinating the child as part of their child's health care. The health culture in family members of children does not include distorted information about preventive vaccines and their effectiveness. Their knowledge is fed exclusively by scientific culture, although it is entirety not reproduce. The vaccination process is highly valued by family members, given the importance they attach to it, the confidence they have in the National Immunization Program, the satisfaction they show with the organization of the service and the care of health personnel(AU)

Low tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine coverage among healthcare workers in a quaternary university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil: need for continuous surveillance and implementation of active strategies

Abstract Introduction: Vaccination with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) has been recommended for healthcare workers (HCWs) by Brazilian Ministry of Health since November 2014. Objective: To describe the strategies implemented to improve Tdap uptake, cumulative vaccine coverage after each intervention, variables associated to Tdap vaccination, and reasons for non-vaccination among HCWs of the main building of a quaternary hospital attached to the Sao Paulo University Medical School. Methods: A list of HCWs eligible for pertussis vaccination was generated. From April to December 2015, the following interventions were implemented: note on intern journal reminding the importance of pertussis vaccination; email to the head nurses strengthening vaccine recommendations; lectures on pertussis and Tdap for physicians of Obstetrics and Neonatology Clinics; on-site vaccination by mobile teams at the Obstetrics, Neonatology, and Anesthesiology Clinics. Vaccine coverage was accessed at the end of each month. Multivariate Poisson regression model with a robust error variance was used to evaluate variables associated with Tdap vaccination. Reasons for non-vaccination were evaluated from January to May 2017 through phone calls for HCWs who had not received Tdap. Results: The study included 456 HCWs. After the interventions, Tdap coverage raised from 2.8% to 41.2%. In the multivariate analysis, occupation (physician), working place (obstetrics or anesthesiology) and influenza vaccination in 2015 were independently associated to Tdap vaccination. The main reason for non-vaccination was unawareness of Tdap recommendations. Conclusions: Tdap uptake among HCWs was low in our hospital. Providing vaccination at convenient places/times for HCW seems to be the most efficient strategy to increase vaccine uptake.

Resultado de una estrategia de recordatorios previos y posteriores a la fecha de vacunación para mejorar la oportunidad de la vacunación a los seis meses / Result of a strategy using reminders before and after date of vaccination to improve timeliness of vaccination at six month / Resultado de uma estratégia de avisos prévios e posteriores a data de vacinação para melhorar a oportunidade da vacinação aos seis meses

Resumen: El impacto de la inmunización depende de que las vacunas se apliquen oportunamente, aspecto aún más relevante en los niños. Las estrategias exitosas para mejorar la oportunidad incluyen el uso de registros nominalizados y mecanismos de seguimiento. En este estudio se evaluó el resultado del uso de recordatorios previos, y posteriores a la fecha de vacunación, para mejorar la vacunación oportuna a los seis meses. Se realizó un estudio de intervención antes-después, con serie cronológica y grupo de comparación, con 1.856 niños de Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. La estrategia se implementó en los servicios públicos de la ciudad y consistió en confeccionar agendas de vacunación semanalmente, realizar el seguimiento y contactar y/o realizar búsqueda activa en los casos de no concurrencia. Para evaluar el resultado se utilizó el porcentaje de vacunados oportunamente con tercera dosis de quíntuple. Se construyeron series cronológicas para cada grupo, antes y después, y se analizaron con un modelo lineal simple. Se calculó la media de los porcentajes y sus intervalos de confianza utilizando bootstrap y se compararon con el método de permutaciones. En el grupo de intervención, la media del porcentaje de vacunación oportuna aumentó significativamente 2,6 veces, llegando a 61,7% (56,2; 78,1). En el de comparación no hubo un incremento significativo: p = 0,1101. Antes de la implementación sus medias eran similares. Se mejoró la vacunación oportuna de los niños bajo intervención. Los resultados indican que la estrategia propuesta para utilizar los registros nominalizados puede reducir la demora en la aplicación de las vacunas.

Abstract: The impact of immunization depends on timely application of the vaccines, especially relevant in children. Successful strategies for improving timeliness include the use of nominalized records and follow-up mechanisms. This study assessed the result of reminders before and after the scheduled date of vaccination to improve timely vaccination at six months. A before-and-after intervention study was performed with a time series and comparator group with 1,856 children from Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina. The strategy was implemented in the city's public services and consisted of preparing weekly vaccination schedules, performing follow-up, and contacting and/or making active searches for no-show cases. Assessment of the result used the percentage of timely vaccination with the third dose of the pentavalent vaccine. Time series were built for each group, before and after, and were analyzed with a simple linear model. Means of the percentages were calculated with their confidence intervals, using bootstrap, and compared with the permutation method. In the intervention group, the mean percentage of timely vaccination increased significantly by 2.6 times, reaching 61.7% (56.2; 78.1). No significant increase occurred in the comparator group: p = 0.1101. The mean rates were similar before the implementation. Timely vaccination improved in children receiving the intervention. The results indicate that the proposed strategy to use nominalized records can reduce the delay in application of vaccines.

Resumo: O impacto da imunização depende de quais vacinas se aplicaram no momento oportuno, característica ainda mais relevante nas crianças. As estratégias bem sucedidas para melhorar a oportunidade incluem o uso de registros nominalizados e mecanismos de monitoramento. Neste estudo foi avaliado o resultado da utilização de avisos prévios, e posteriores a data de vacinação, para melhorar a vacinação num prazo de seis meses. Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção antes e depois, com série cronológica e grupo de comparação, com 1.856 crianças da Villa Maria, Córdoba, Argentina. A estratégia foi implementada nos serviços públicos da cidade e consistiu em elaborar agendas de vacinação semanalmente, fazer monitoramento, contatar e desenvolver uma pesquisa ativa nos casos de não concorrência. Para avaliar o resultado foi utilizada a porcentagem de vacinados adequadamente com a terceira dose de quíntupla. Foram construídas séries cronológicas para cada grupo, antes e depois, foram analisadas com um modelo lineal simples. Foi calculada a media das porcentagens e seus intervalos de confiança usando bootstrap e foram comparados com o método de permutações. No grupo de intervenção, a média de porcentagem de vacinação oportuna aumentou significativamente 2,6 vezes, chegando a 61,7% (56,2; 78,1). No grupo de comparação não ouve um incremento significativo: p = 0,1101. Antes da implementação as médias eram similares. Foi melhorada a vacinação oportuna das crianças sob intervenção. Os resultados indicam que a estratégia proposta para utilizar os registros nominalizados pode reduzir a demora nas aplicações das vacinas.

Consideraciones referente a la posibilidad de introducir la dosis fraccionada de la vacuna antipoliomielitis inactivada en el calendario de Inmunizaciones del Niño Latinoamericano / Remarks on the possibility of the introduction of fractionated dose of the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine in the Latin American Child Immunization Schedule

As last notified case of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus type 2 was 1999, in 2012, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the withdrawal of the type 2 component of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the introduction of bivalent OPV (bOPV) in all countries by 2016. WHO recommended also that the withdrawal should be preceded by the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunization schedules. The introduction of IPV prior to the change of the bOPV in 2016 to trivalent OPV (tOPV) was based on the concept of ensuring that a substantial proportion of the population would be protected against type 2 polio after the removal of the type 2 OPV. However, the world's two producers of IPV (Bilthoven Biologicals and Sanofi) have faced problems in the production of this vaccine and therefore reported reduction in IPV global supply. In response to the possible shortage of IPV, the SAGE and Technical Adviser Group (TAG) of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), in the meeting of March 10, 2017, has urged that countries in the Latinamerican region should replace the routine administration of the full doses of polio inactivated vaccine (IPV-C) in the immunization schedule (administered by intramuscular route) by the administration of a fraction of the full dose in two shots by intradermal route (IPV-f). The possibility of this strategy was analyzed by leaders of opinions gathered by the call of the Paraguayan Pediatric Society with the support of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE) and Latin American Association of Pediatrics (ALAPE). The results of the discussion are presented in this document.

Evaluation study of the National Immunization Program Information System / Estudio de evaluación del Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización / Estudo de avaliabilidade do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunização

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out the National Immunization Program Information System (SIPNI) accessability assessment (EA), considering the description of the intervention, the elaboration of the theoretical-logical model and the identification of the evaluative questions. Method: A single case study with a qualitative approach, based on the system of seven elements proposed by Thurston and Ramaliu (2005). The SIPNI and the context of analysis, the vaccination rooms, were defined as the case. Results: The SIPNI description, based on documents and scientific evidence, made it possible to understand its operationalization, the main events that characterize it. The theoretical-logical model visually and systematically configured the SIPNI organization with details of the inputs, activities, products and expected effects. The evaluative questions were evaluated and validated to evaluate the SIPNI. Final considerations: The SIPNI is evaluable and presented a favorable scenario for its development. EA is an important strategy for planning subsequent evaluations, maximizing their potentials.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Realizar Estudio de Evaluación (EA) del Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización (SIPNI), considerando la descripción de la intervención, la elaboración del modelo teórico-lógico y la identificación de las preguntas evaluativas. Método: Estudio de caso único, con enfoque cualitativo, basado en el sistema de los siete elementos propuestos por Thurston y Ramaliu (2005). Se definió como caso el SIPNI y el contexto de análisis, las salas de vacunación. Resultados: La descripción del SIPNI, fundamentada en documentos y evidencias científicas, posibilitó comprender su operacionalización, los principales acontecimientos que lo caracterizan. El modelo teórico-lógico configuró de forma visual y sistemática la organización del SIPNI con detalle de los insumos, actividades, productos y efectos esperados. Se establecieron y validaron las preguntas de evaluación para evaluar el SIPNI. Consideraciones finales: El SIPNI es evaluable y presenta un escenario favorable para su desarrollo. El EA es una estrategia importante para la planificación de evaluaciones posteriores, maximizando sus potenciales.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar Estudo de Avaliabilidade (EA) do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunização (SIPNI), considerando a descrição da intervenção, a elaboração do modelo teórico-lógico e a identificação das perguntas avaliativas. Método: Estudo de caso único, com abordagem qualitativa, baseado no sistema dos sete elementos propostos por Thurston e Ramaliu (2005). Definiu-se como caso o SIPNI e o contexto de análise, as salas de vacinação. Resultados: A descrição do SIPNI, fundamentada em documentos e evidências científicas, possibilitou compreender sua operacionalização, os principais acontecimentos que o caracterizam. O modelo teórico-lógico configurou de forma visual e sistemática a organização do SIPNI com detalhamento dos insumos, atividades, produtos e efeitos esperados. Foram estabelecidas e validadas as perguntas avaliativas para avaliar o SIPNI. Considerações finais: O SIPNI é avaliável e apresentou cenário favorável para o seu desenvolvimento. O EA é uma estratégia importante para o planejamento de avaliações subsequentes, maximizando seus potenciais.

Cuidados en los primeros mil días de vida. Armenta, San Pedro Sula / Care in the first thousand days of life, Armenta. San Pedro Sula

Los mil días de vida van desde la concep- cion hasta los 2 años de edad, etapa donde se determina el desarrollo básico del niño; la falta de una alimentación y cuidados adecua- dos produce daños físicos y cognitivos irreversibles para el resto de su vida. Objeti- vo Identificar los cuidados ofrecidos por la madre/encargado en los primeros mil días de vida, en los niños del programa de Atencion Integral de la niñez en la comunidad (AIN-C) de Armenta, San Pedro Sula, I Semestre aca- démico del 2016. Pacientes y Método: Investigación cuantitativa, transversal, des- criptivo, instrumento tipo cuestionario aplica- do a madres/encargados del cuidado de niños menores de dos años monitoreados por el programa AIN-C, estrategia de la secretaria de salud (SESAL) Población: 69 madres/encargados, muestra: 60 que acce- dieron a participar. Resultados: 83.4% de los niños menores de 2 años son cuidados por la madre, 83.3% asistieron a control prenatal, 66.6% de las madres asistió a un control puerperal, 93.4% de los menores recibieron lactancia materna/mixta, 100% de las madres/encargados vacunaron a los meno- res y 56.6% integraron los alimentos antes de los 6 meses. Conclusiones Los resultados señalan que las madres/encargados no reali- zan todos los cuidados que se deben ofrecer al niño en los primeros mil días de vida y los que se ofrecen no reúnen los requerimientos necesarios que le garanticen un desarrollo físico y cognitivo adecuado que le permita estar saludable en las siguientes etapas de su vida...(AU)

Las vacunas contra el dengue ¿una realidad para la Argentina? / Dengue vaccines. A reality for Argentina?

Los brotes de dengue se suceden anualmente en Argentina desde el año 1998. Existen vacunas contra esta enfermedad en distintos grados de desarrollo que han sido probadas en países endémicos. La más avanzada hasta el momento fue autorizada para su comercialización en tres países de América Latina, para niños mayores de 9 años. En este artículo se discuten los beneficios e inconvenientes de las vacunas, así como los desafíos para la implementación de una estrategia de vacunación. Asimismo, se plantea la necesidad de una estratificación de riesgo con nuevos criterios y visión multidisciplinaria como un camino posible para evaluar la pertinencia de un programa de vacunación en las áreas con mayor riesgo de transmisión, y/o en individuos con mayor riesgo de dengue grave. Se sugiere también que la definición del estatus de endemicidad debe tomar en cuenta a las realidades locales. Por último, este artículo propone una discusión amplia de las evidencias, impacto esperado y aspectos instrumentales que estarían involucrados en la incorporación de una vacuna contra el dengue, ya en mercado o en desarrollo, en el programa nacional de inmunizaciones, y especialmente a qué subpoblaciones debería ser dirigida para que la estrategia de inmunización sea costo-efectiva.

Dengue outbreaks have occurred yearly in Argentina since 1998. A number of candidate vaccines have been tested in endemic countries. The most advanced one was licensed in three countries of Latin America for children over 9 years of age. In the present article the benefits and drawbacks of these vaccines as well as the challenges for the implementation of a vaccination strategy in Argentina are discussed. Furthermore, a risk stratification strategy with new criteria and a multidisciplinary vision is suggested as a possible path for the assessment of the pertinence of a vaccination program in areas showing the highest risk of dengue transmission and/or for people at the greatest risk of developing severe dengue. It is also suggested that the definition regarding the status of endemicity should take into account the local realities. Finally, this paper proposes a broad discussion on the evidences, the expected impact and instrumental aspects that would be involved in the incorporation of a dengue vaccine, marketed or in development, into the national immunization program, and especially which subpopulation should be targeted for the immunization strategy to be cost-effective.

Plan de acción para la prevención y el control de las hepatitis virales / Action plan for prevention and control of viral hepatitis

Un plan de acción para la prevención y control de las hepatitis virales que allana el camino para la eliminación de la hepatitis B y C como problemas de salud pública en las Américas para el año 2030, a través de la creación de planes nacionales de lucha contra la enfermedad, un mayor acceso a los medicamentos y el control de su uso, además de esfuerzos direccionados para alcanzar a grupos vulnerables y de alto riesgo.

National Immunization Program: Computerized System as a tool for new challenges / Programa Nacional de Imunização: Sistema Informatizado como opção a novos desafios

The scope and coverage of the Brazilian Immunization Program can be compared with those in developed countries because it provides a large number of vaccines and has a considerable coverage. The increasing complexity of the program brings challenges regarding its development, high coverage levels, access equality, and safety. The Immunization Information System, with nominal data, is an innovative tool that can more accurately monitor these indicators and allows the evaluation of the impact of new vaccination strategies. The main difficulties for such a system are in its implementation process, training of professionals, mastering its use, its constant maintenance needs and ensuring the information contained remain confidential. Therefore, encouraging the development of this tool should be part of public health policies and should also be involved in the three spheres of government as well as the public and private vaccination services.

A abrangência e desempenho do Programa Nacional de Imunização no Brasil são comparáveis aos de países desenvolvidos, pois oferece número elevado de vacinas e cobertura considerável. A crescente complexidade do Programa acarreta desafios inerentes ao seu desenvolvimento, em relação à manutenção de coberturas vacinais elevadas, equidade de acesso e segurança. O sistema informatizado de imunização, com dados nominais, é um instrumento inovador para o monitoramento preciso desses indicadores e permite a avaliação de impacto das novas estratégias de vacinação. Suas principais dificuldades estão no processo de implantação, treinamento dos profissionais, domínio da tecnologia, e sua constante manutenção e garantia da confidencialidade das informações. O incentivo ao desenvolvimento dessa ferramenta deve fazer parte das políticas públicas em saúde e contar com o envolvimento das três esferas de governo e das redes de vacinação pública e privada.

Inmunización del enfermo inmunocomprometido en Cuba. Consenso de criterios / Immunization of immunocompromised patients in Cuba. Criteria consensus

Los pacientes inmunocomprometidos con diagnóstico de inmunodeficiencia primaria secundaria a otras enfermedades y posterior a tratamiento inmunosupresor, como los corticoesteroides, la quimioterapia y el trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas, presentan riesgos particulares a la vacunación; es por ello que hay que considerar aspectos básicos como la susceptibilidad a contraer enfermedades infecciosas y su estado de inmunocompetencia. En este trabajo se presentan los criterios fundamentales para el manejo de la inmunización en el paciente inmunocomprometido en Cuba, como resultado del consenso entre diferentes especialidades médicas de nuestro Sistema Nacional de Salud (inmunología, pediatría, infectología, genética y hematología) con el Programa Nacional de Inmunización

Immunocompromised patients diagnosed with primary Immunodeficiencies, secondary immunodeficiencies to other diseases and after immunosuppressive therapy such as corticosteroids, chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation, have particular risks to vaccination and therefore the illness susceptibility and state of immunocompetence must be considered. We describe the fundamental criteria for the management of immunization in these patients as a result of consensus among different medical specialties of our National Health System (Immunology, Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases, Genetics and Hematology) with the National Immunization Program

Paediatric HIV - trends & challenges.

With the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection, which was once considered a progressively fatal illness, has now become a chronic treatable condition in children, as in adults. However, the challenges these children are forced to face are far more daunting. The most significant shortcoming in the response to paediatric HIV remains the woefully inadequate prevention of motherto- child transmission (PMTCT), allowing a large number of children to be born with HIV in the first place, in spite of it being largely preventable. In the west, mother-to-child transmission has been virtually eliminated; however, in resource-limited settings where >95 per cent of all vertical transmissions take place, still an infected infants continue to be born. There are several barriers to efficient management: delayed infant diagnosis, lack of appropriate paediatric formulations, lack of skilled health personnel, etc. Poorly developed immunity allows greater dissemination throughout various organs. There is an increased frequency of malnutrition and infections that may be more persistent, severe and less responsive to treatment. In addition, these growing children are left with inescapable challenges of facing not only lifelong adherence with complex treatment regimens, but also enormous psychosocial, mental and neuro-cognitive issues. These unique challenges must be recognized and understood in order to provide appropriate holistic management enabling them to become productive citizens of tomorrow. To address these multi-factorial issues, there is an urgent need for a concerted, sustainable and multipronged national and global response.